Method for controlling starting of an engine in a hybrid electric vehicle powertrain

ABSTRACT

A method for controlling starting of an internal combustion engine in a hybrid electric vehicle powertrain having multiple power flow paths to vehicle traction wheels from the engine and from an electric motor. A smoothness factor is calculated to determine how smooth an engine start should be. Engine operating variables regulate engine smoothness during engine start events as determined by the calculated smoothness factor appropriate for selected vehicle operating conditions.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/709,537filed May 12, 2004. The application claims the benefit of thatapplication.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to hybrid electric vehicle powertrains having aninternal combustion engine and an electric motor that cooperate toprovide a first power delivery mode with electromechanical power flowpaths and a second power delivery mode in which the motor providesdriving power independently of the engine.

2. Background Art

One class of hybrid electric automotive vehicles includesparallel-series hybrid electric vehicles. Such vehicles include apowertrain for delivering power to traction wheels from two powersources through gearing. In one powertrain configuration of this type, acombination of an internal combustion engine and a subsystem consistingof an electric motor and a generator uses a planetary gearset to definein part separate torque delivery paths to the traction wheels. Thesubsystem comprising the generator and the motor includes a battery,which acts as an energy storage medium.

When the engine, the motor and the generator are functioning in a firstdriving mode, the engine propels the vehicle in a forward directionusing reaction torque from the generator. The planetary gearset in thisconfiguration makes it possible for the engine speed to be effectivelydecoupled from the vehicle speed through a generator speed control. As aresult, engine output power is divided between a mechanical power flowpath and an electrical power flow path. The mechanical power flow pathextends from the engine to a planetary carrier, to a planetary ringgear, to transmission countershaft gears and, finally, to tractionwheels. The electrical power flow path extends from the engine to theplanetary carrier, to a planetary sun gear, and to a generator, thegenerator being electrically coupled to the motor. The motor drives thetransmission countershaft gears and the traction wheels. Because of thedecoupling of the engine speed from the vehicle speed and the electricaland mechanical power flow paths, such parallel-series hybrid electricvehicle powertrains emulate the characteristics of a continuouslyvariable transmission during a first driving mode.

In a second driving mode, the engine is inactive and the motor,generator and battery subsystem acts as a power source. The electricmotor then draws power from the battery and provides propulsionindependently of the engine at the traction wheels in both forward andreverse directions.

The electric motor can provide braking torque to capture vehicle kineticenergy during braking, which otherwise would be lost in the form ofheat. This charges the battery as the motor acts as a generator.Furthermore, the generator, using battery power, can drive against aone-way clutch on the engine power output shaft to propel the vehicle ina forward direction. In this driving mode, the generator acts as amotor.

When the generator acts as a generator, the vehicle can be propelled ina forward direction to meet a driver's demand for power and to achieveimproved acceleration performance.

In a powertrain with conventional continuously variable transmissioncharacteristics it possible to achieve better fuel economy and exhaustgas emission quality by operating the engine at or near the mostefficient operating region of its engine speed and torque relationship.It is possible with a parallel-series hybrid electric configuration,however, to potentially improve fuel economy and emission quality evenfurther compared to conventional continuously variable transmissionvehicles. This is because the engine size can be reduced while retainingsimilar vehicle performance due to the presence of dual power sources.Also, overall engine operation can be better optimized since the enginecan be stopped if the engine operating conditions are not favorable forhigh fuel economy operation or if the engine is not in a high emissionquality control region. Furthermore, kinetic energy during braking canbe captured and stored in the battery through regenerative braking.

Improved fuel economy and emissions control using a parallel-serieshybrid electric powertrain configuration is achieved, however, at theexpense of system complexity because of the dual power sources. Further,weight and cost may be design penalties. To offset these considerations,the dual power sources can be integrated to work together seamlessly toachieve the goal of better fuel economy and emissions control.

One of the measures that can be taken to coordinate control of the twopower sources to achieve better fuel economy and exhaust gas emissionquality in a hybrid electric vehicle is to shut off the engine when theengine cannot be operated in a desired efficient operating region; forexample, when the vehicle is stopped at traffic lights. This is unlikethe function of a conventional engine powertrain where the engine mustbe started during the first startup of the vehicle and shut off only byturning the ignition key to its off position. In contrast, the engine ina parallel-series hybrid electric vehicle powertrain can be started andstopped repeatedly during normal city driving.

These engine start and stop events can be unexpected to the driver undercertain circumstances. They are required, therefore, to be smooth orimperceptible to the driver.

5SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention includes a powertrain for a hybrid electric vehicle with acapability of starting and stopping the internal combustion engineduring normal driving. The invention includes a strategy that determinesan engine start smoothness factor. This is used in a control routine asa measure of how smooth an engine start should be. Using this smoothnessfactor, the action taken by the engine and the transmission controlswill regulate smoothness. The invention allows the system to becalibrated to meet driver requirements by determining a smoothnessfactor that can be adjusted for different vehicles while using the samesubsystem elements.

The method and strategy of the invention integrates and arbitrates inreal time all driving conditions that warrant an engine start and thendetermines an engine start smoothness factor. The smoothness factor willdictate the control of engine operating variables, such as an enginespeed command profile, an engine throttle position, fuel injection “ontime” and a spark angle to achieve the desired characteristic of anengine start event; i.e., a smooth, fast or moderate engine start.Another engine operating variable could be engine valve timing. Thesystem architecture allows the control system to be easily implementedand calibrated to meet driver requirements for any hybrid electricvehicle.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a hybrid electric vehicle powertrainconfiguration capable of embodying the invention;

FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating the sequence of steps involved inestablishing an appropriate smoothness factor as part of the actionstaken by the engine and transmission controls to regulate smoothnessduring an engine start;

FIG. 3 a is a plot showing the relationship of driver demand for powerand smoothness factor;

FIG. 3 b is a plot showing the relationship between engine temperatureand smoothness factor;

FIG. 3 c is a plot showing the relationship between battery dischargelimits and smoothness factor;

FIG. 3 d is a time plot for the various stages of an engine start event;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart showing the steps involved in an enginesmoothness factor calculation that is carried out following anarbitration routine for the engine operating conditions illustrated inthe flow chart of FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 a is a time plot of engine speed at various stages of an enginestarting event; and

FIG. 5 b is a time plot of vehicle acceleration, measured as seat trackacceleration, during an engine start up phase, as illustrated in FIG. 5a.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)

In the hybrid powertrain configuration schematically illustrated in FIG.1, a torque output crankshaft of internal combustion engine 10 isconnected drivably to carrier 12 of planetary gear unit 14. Sun gear 16of the gear unit 14 acts as a reaction element and is drivably connectedto generator 18. Carrier 12 rotatably supports planet pinions 20, whichengage sun gear 16 and ring gear 22, the latter being connected drivablyto transmission torque input gear 24. The generator 18 provides reactiontorque when the engine delivers driving power to the transmission. Thegenerator, which is part of a motor-generator-battery electricalsubsystem, develops electrical power to complement mechanical enginepower. A reaction brake 26 can be applied to establish a reaction pointfor the sun gear 16 and to deactivate the generator 18.

When the generator acts as a motor and the engine is deactivated, thecrankshaft for the engine is braked by an overrunning coupling 28.Overrunning coupling 28 could be eliminated if sufficient reactiontorque can be accommodated by the engine crankshaft when the engine isshut off.

The main controller for the powertrain is a vehicle system controller,generally shown at 30 in FIG. 1. It receives a driver-selected signal at32 indicating whether the transmission is conditioned for park, reverse,neutral or drive mode. A battery temperature signal is distributed tocontroller 30 as shown at 31. An accelerator pedal position sensordelivers a signal at 34 to the vehicle system controller 30. This is anindicator of driver power demand. The controller 30 also receives anengine coolant temperature signal 29, a battery voltage signal 33, abattery state of charge signal 35, and a battery discharge limit signal37.

The desired wheel torque command, the desired engine speed command andthe generator brake command are developed by the vehicle systemcontroller and distributed to the transmission control module 36 forcontrolling the transmission generator brake, the generator control andthe motor control. Electric power is distributed to an electric motor38, which may be a high torque induction motor, although other electricmotors could be used in carrying out the control functions of theinvention.

The electrical power subsystem, of which the generator 18 and the motor38 are a part, includes also battery and battery control module 40,which is under the control of the vehicle system controller 30, thelatter developing a command at 42 for a battery control modulecontactor, which conditions the battery for charging or for powerdelivery. The battery, the motor and the generator are electricallyconnected by a high voltage bus as indicated.

The transmission includes countershaft gearing having gear elements 44,46 and 48. Gear element 48 is connected to torque output gear 50, whichdelivers power to differential 52 and to traction wheels 54. The motorarmature is connected to motor drive gear 56, which drivably engagesgear element 46.

Application of the vehicle brakes develops a brake pedal position sensorsignal 58, which is delivered to the brake system control module 60 forinitiating a regenerative braking command by the vehicle systemcontroller.

A hybrid vehicle powertrain, such as that illustrated in FIG. 1, makesuse of a combination of the engine and generator using the planetarygear unit 14 to connect them to each other. In one driving mode, theelectric drive system, including the motor, the generator and thebattery, can be used independently of the engine. The battery then actsas an energy storing unit. When the engine is operative, the vehicle ispropelled in a forward direction as reaction torque for the planetarygear unit is accommodated by the generator or by the reaction brake 26.

The planetary gear unit 14 effectively decouples the engine speed fromthe vehicle speed using a generator command from module 36. Engine poweroutput then is divided into two power flow paths, one being a mechanicalpath from the carrier 12 to the ring gear 22 and finally to thetransmission input gear 24. Simultaneously, an electrical power flowpath is established from the carrier 12 to the sun gear 16 to thegenerator, which is coupled electrically to the motor. Motor torquedrives output gear 56. This speed decoupling and the combined electricaland mechanical power flow paths make this transmission function withcharacteristics similar to a conventional continuously variabletransmission.

When the electrical power flow path is effective with the engineinactive, the electric motor draws power from the battery and providespropulsion independently of the engine in both forward and reversedirections. Further, the electric motor can provide braking torque asthe motor acts as a generator. This captures the vehicle kinetic energyduring braking, which otherwise would be lost to heat, thereby chargingthe battery. The generator, furthermore, using battery power, can driveagainst one-way clutch 28 (or a reaction torque developed by the enginecrankshaft) to propel the vehicle in a forward direction as thegenerator acts as a motor. Both the engine and themotor-generator-battery subsystem, as mentioned previously, can be usedsimultaneously to propel the vehicle in a forward-direction to meet thedriver's power demand and to achieve better acceleration performance.

As in the case of conventional continuously variable transmissionvehicles, fuel economy and emission quality are improved by operatingthe engine at or near its most efficient region whenever possible. Aspreviously explained, fuel economy potentially can be improved, as wellas the emission quality, because the engine size can be reduced whilemaintaining the same vehicle performance due to the fact that there aretwo power sources. The engine can be stopped (turned off) and the motorcan be used as the sole power source if the required engine operatingconditions for the engine~are not favorable for fuel economy andemissions quality purposes.

In the case of the configuration shown in FIG. 1, the two power sourceswork together seamlessly to achieve the goal of achieving better fueleconomy and emission quality. The vehicle system controller coordinatesthe vehicle control between the two power sources. The vehicle systemcontroller carries out hierarchical functions as it coordinates vehiclecontrol under various powertrain operating conditions. Assuming thereare no subsystem component malfunctions, the vehicle system controllerinterprets driver demands, such as the drive range selection at 32 andacceleration or deceleration demand at 34, and then determines a wheeltorque command based on the driver demand and the powertrain limits. Inaddition, the vehicle system controller determines how much torque eachpower source needs to provide, and when it needs it, in order to meetdriver demand and to achieve a specified vehicle performance, a desiredfuel economy and a desired emission quality level. The vehicle systemcontroller thus determines when the engine needs to be turned off andon. It also determines the engine operating point (i.e., the enginespeed and torque) for a given engine power demand when the engine is on.

If the vehicle is stopped at a traffic light, for example, the enginewill be stopped. The engine must be started and stopped several timesduring normal city driving. Since the engine starting and stoppingevents can occur unexpectedly to the driver, unlike initial start-up ofthe vehicle using the ignition key switch, a start-up event for theengine during normal city driving should be imperceptible.

As shown in FIG. 3 d, the engine start-up event can include severalstages, which are identified in FIG. 3 d as the cranking or engine speedcommand profiling stage, the start fueling stage and the engine deliverypower stage. Transitions from one stage to the other can occur atvarious times, depending on the driving conditions and other operatingvariables. Thus, the cranking stage, for example, can be shifted to theleft or the right on the time plot of FIG. 3 d. The same is true for thestart fueling stage and the engine power delivering stage.

FIG. 5 a shows a time plot of the engine speed for each of two phases,or stages, of the engine starting event, the first phase being theengine cranking phase and the second phase being the initial combustionphase (start fueling stage).

FIG. 5 b is a time plot, corresponding to FIG. 5 a, which illustratesseat track acceleration for each of the two phases indicated in FIG. 5a. The seat track acceleration is one of the objective measurements fordetermining engine start smoothness. Preferably, an engine start shouldnot result in any oscillatory seat track acceleration. In reality,however, the engine start will cause undesired vibrations and harshness,as shown by the plot in FIG. 5 b. This is because induction aircompression in the engine cylinders during the engine cranking stage andin the initial engine combustion phase causes powertrain engine blockshaking, which results in vibrations and harshness that can betransmitted to the vehicle body through the powertrain mounts. Thisvibration and harshness will be objectionable to the driver undercertain vehicle operating conditions. Vibration and harshness can beminimized, however, to make any engine start event roughness lessapparent to the driver by properly controlling engine speed commandprofiling, throttle position, time to “turn on” injectors, spark retard,and other variables, such as engine valve timing. These variables areillustrated in FIG. 2. As a result of the control of these variables,the noise vibration and harshness level (NVH) is determined, asindicated at block 70 of FIG. 2.

The proper control that would achieve a reduction in NVH level to animperceptible value during engine start events will usually prolong theengine start event. This prolonged engine start event would beacceptable to the driver under a park or neutral condition, a lowaccelerator demand condition or a cruising condition. However, if thedriver demands full power to accelerate the vehicle, a prolonged smoothengine start event may not be acceptable. Under such full power demandoperating conditions, the driver anticipates that the engine shouldprovide power as quickly as possible, while achieving a desired level ofNVH. The engine smoothness during full power demand operation will makeengine smoothness less important than a rapidly increasing engine powerlevel. In addition, under cold ambient temperature, or a low batterystate-of-charge condition, or a low battery discharge limit condition,the engine must be started as soon as possible because of the systemconstraints. Engine start smoothness also is less important in theseoperating scenarios.

As indicated in FIG. 2, the vehicle system controller will determine thecondition or operating scenario that exists prior to an engine start.This is indicated at block 72. The control strategy first integrates andarbitrates all of the conditions for engine start and determines fromcalibrated empirical data a variable related to how smooth the enginestart should be. This is referred to in this specification as the enginesmoothness factor. Then, based on the determined engine smoothnessfactor, selected engine controls for engine, such as speed commandprofiling at 62, throttle position at 64, injection on-time at 66, andspark angle (timing) at 68 are applied to the engine to meet thedriver's expectations for power level and NVH. Another control can beengine valve timing at 69. This arbitration of all the conditions orscenarios are determined as shown at block 74 in FIG. 2.

The integration and arbitration of the conditions or scenarios at 74determine the effective condition or scenario that should exist duringan engine start, and then the engine start smoothness factor iscalculated. The smoothness factor will dictate the engine speed commandprofile, the throttle position, the fuel injection “on-time,” and thespark angle, as well as valve timing if engine valve timing isavailable. That is, it determines whether the event should be smooth,fast or in between. Although this architecture and the method andstrategy for determining smoothness factor is illustrated in connectionwith the configuration illustrated in FIG. 1, they can be used with anyof a variety of hybrid electric vehicles using independent engine powerand motor power.

FIG. 3 a shows the relationship between throttle angle and smoothnessfactor associated with throttle angle changes. FIG. 3 b shows the effectof engine temperature on engine smoothness factor during an engine startevent. FIG. 3 c shows the relationship of engine smoothness factor tomaximum battery discharge limit.

FIG. 4 shows a flow chart illustrating the method and strategy forestablishing engine smoothness factor as a percentage value from 0 to 1,where 0 indicates least smooth and the value of 1 indicates most smooth.

The routine is initialized at 76 and the input variables are read. Ifthe range selector is set to park or at neutral, as determined at 78, atemporary value for the smoothness factor is set to 1, as shown at block80. This is indicated as a temporary smoothness factor at 83. The reasonthe smoothness factor is set to 1 in this condition is that there is noneed for a fast engine start when the vehicle is in park or neutral. Ifan engine start occurs in park or neutral, it should always be a smoothstart.

If the vehicle is not in park or neutral, the routine will proceed toblock 82, where there is determined from a two-dimensional, calibratabletable stored in memory, a smoothness factor that is a function ofaccelerator pedal position. This is done to capture the driver's demandfor power at the wheels. If the accelerator position if firmly pressed,that means the driver wishes high power at the wheels. Therefore, theengine should start quickly and NVH can be traded-off to accommodate ashort engine start time. The stage of an engine start illustrated inFIG. 3 d then is shifted to the left in the time plot.

At decision block 84, it is determined whether the battery voltage isless than a calibratable value. This value can be determined from astored table as a function of battery temperature and SOC, or either ofthese variables. If the traction battery voltage falls below acalibratable value, then the smoothness factor should be latched to 0,as shown at block 86 and indicated as a temporary smoothness factor at87, until the engine start has been completed. The reason for this isthat if the traction battery voltage is very low, it is important tostart the engine as soon as possible. A smooth engine start then shouldbe sacrificed to protect the traction battery.

If the traction battery voltage is above a calibratable value, theroutine proceeds to block 88 where a temporary smoothness factor isobtained from a two-dimensional, calibratable table in memory. Thetemporary smoothness factor in that table is a function of enginecoolant temperature. The rationale for this is that if the enginecoolant temperature is low, that will cause engine friction to be high.This operating condition will increase the amount of battery powerrequired to start the engine. At extremely low engine coolanttemperatures, it is difficult to start the engine and smoothness shouldbe reduced to ensure that the engine is started properly.

At action block 88, a temporary smoothness factor is determined alsofrom a two-dimensional, calibratable table that is a function of maximumbattery discharge power limit. The rationale for this is that a smoothengine start requires more battery power than a fast engine start.Therefore, the smoothness factor should be a function of the maximumallowable discharge battery power.

At action block 88, the least of the smoothness factor value determinedas a function of engine coolant temperature, the smoothness factor valuedetermined as a function of battery discharge power limit and thetemporary smoothness factor value at 87 is chosen.

It is determined at decision block 90 whether the engine is in astart-up mode. The engine smoothness factor can only decrease during anengine start, so the lowest value chosen at action block 88 is latched,as shown at 92. If the engine is in a start-up mode, this will increasethe stability of the control system.

Alternatively, decision block 84 and block 86 are replaced by a blockwhere there is determined from a two-dimensional, calibratable tablestored in memory, a voltage smoothness factor that is a function ofvoltage, and where the temporary smoothness factor value selected at 87corresponds to the lesser of the temporary smoothness factor at 83 andthe voltage smoothness factor.

The routine then resets the smoothness factor, as shown at block 94, forthe next engine start after the current start has been completed.

Although one embodiment of the invention has been disclosed, it will beapparent to persons skilled in the art that modifications may be madewithout departing from the scope of the invention. All suchmodifications and equivalents thereof are intended to be covered by thefollowing claims.

1. A method for determining an engine smoothness factor in an enginestart event for an accelerator-controlled engine in a vehicle having ahybrid powertrain that includes an electric motor, a battery, agenerator and transmission torque delivery elements that define, inpart, integrated power flow paths to vehicle traction wheels whereby theengine may be turned off during power delivery from the motor, themethod comprising the steps of: determining whether the vehicle is in apark mode or a neutral mode and initializing the method by determining atemporary smoothness factor depending on park or neutral selection andsetting it to a value corresponding to maximum smoothness if the vehicleis in a park mode or a neutral mode; measuring accelerator position anddetermining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of acceleratorposition; measuring battery voltage and determining a temporarysmoothness factor as a function of battery voltage; measuring enginecoolant temperature and determining a temporary smoothness factor as afunction of engine coolant temperature; measuring battery dischargepower limit and determining a temporary smoothness factor as a functionof the battery discharge power limit; and selecting the determinedtemporary smoothness factor with a value corresponding to leastsmoothness when the engine is in a start-up mode.
 2. A method fordetermining an engine smoothness factor in an engine start event for anaccelerator-controlled engine in a vehicle having a hybrid powertrainthat includes an electric motor and transmission torque deliveryelements that define, in part, integrated power flow paths to vehicletraction wheels whereby the engine may be turned off during powerdelivery from the motor, the method comprising the steps of: determiningwhether the vehicle is in a park mode or a neutral mode and initializingthe method by determining a temporary smoothness factor depending onpark or neutral selection and setting it to a value corresponding tomaximum smoothness if the vehicle is in a park mode or a neutral mode;measuring accelerator position and determining a temporary smoothnessfactor as a function of accelerator position; measuring battery voltageand determining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of batteryvoltage; measuring engine coolant temperature and determining atemporary smoothness factor as a function of engine coolant temperature;measuring battery discharge power limit and determining a temporarysmoothness factor as a function of the battery discharge power limit;selecting the determined temporary smoothness factor with a valuecorresponding to least smoothness when the engine is in a start-up mode;and adjusting engine start smoothness using at least one engineoperating variable selected from multiple engine operating variables,selection of the at least one engine operating variable being determinedby a calibrated relationship of the selected temporary smoothness factorand each selected engine operating variable.
 3. The method set forth inclaim 2, wherein the multiple engine operating variables include enginespeed command profile, engine throttle setting, fuel injection timing,engine spark timing and engine valve timing.
 4. A method for determiningan engine smoothness factor in an engine start event for anaccelerator-controlled engine in a vehicle having a hybrid powertrainthat includes an electric motor and transmission torque deliveryelements that define, in part, integrated power flow paths to vehicletraction wheels whereby the engine may be turned off during powerdelivery from the motor torque and speed relationship, the methodcomprising the steps of: determining whether the vehicle is in a parkmode or a neutral mode and initializing the method by determining atemporary smoothness factor depending on park or neutral selection andsetting it to a value corresponding to maximum smoothness if the vehicleis in a park mode or a neutral mode; measuring accelerator position anddetermining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of acceleratorposition; measuring battery voltage and determining a temporarysmoothness factor as a function of battery voltage; determining atemporary smoothness factor as a function of the battery discharge powerlimit; and selecting the determined temporary smoothness factor with avalue corresponding to least smoothness when the engine is in a start-upmode.
 5. A method for determining an engine smoothness factor in anengine start event for an accelerator-controlled engine in a vehiclehaving a hybrid powertrain that includes an electric motor andtransmission torque delivery elements that define, in part, integratedpower flow paths to vehicle traction wheels whereby the engine may beturned off during power delivery from the motor, the method comprisingthe steps of: determining whether the vehicle is in a park mode or aneutral mode and initializing the method by determining a temporarysmoothness factor depending on park or neutral selection and setting itto a value corresponding to maximum smoothness if the vehicle is in apark mode or a neutral mode; measuring accelerator position anddetermining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of acceleratorposition; measuring battery voltage and determining a temporarysmoothness factor as a function of battery voltage; determining atemporary smoothness factor as a function of a battery discharge powerlimit; selecting the determined temporary smoothness factor with a valuecorresponding to least smoothness when the engine is in a start-up mode;and adjusting engine start smoothness using at least one engineoperating variable selected from multiple engine operating variables,selection of the at least one engine operating variable being determinedby a calibrated relationship of the selected temporary smoothness factorand each selected engine operating variable.
 6. The method set forth inclaim 5, wherein the multiple engine operating variables include enginespeed command profile, engine throttle setting, fuel injection timing,engine spark timing, and engine valve timing.
 7. A method fordetermining an engine smoothness factor in an engine start event for anaccelerator-controlled engine in a vehicle having a hybrid powertrainthat includes an electric motor and transmission torque deliveryelements that define, in part, integrated power flow paths to vehicletraction wheels whereby the engine may be turned off during powerdelivery from the motor, the method comprising the steps of: determiningwhether the vehicle is in a park mode or a neutral mode and initializingthe method by determining a temporary smoothness factor depending onpark or neutral selection and setting it to a value corresponding tomaximum smoothness if the vehicle is in a park mode or a neutral mode;measuring-accelerator position and determining a temporary smoothnessfactor as a function of accelerator position; measuring engine coolanttemperature and determining a temporary smoothness factor as a functionof engine coolant temperature; determining a temporary smoothness factoras a function of a battery discharge power limit; and selecting thedetermined temporary smoothness factor with a value corresponding toleast smoothness when the engine is in a start-up mode.
 8. A method fordetermining an engine smoothness factor in an engine start event for anaccelerator-controlled engine in a vehicle having a hybrid powertrainthat includes an electric motor and transmission torque deliveryelements that define, in part, integrated power flow paths to vehicletraction wheels whereby the engine may be turned off during powerdelivery from the motor, the method comprising the steps of: determiningwhether the vehicle is in a park mode or a neutral mode and initializingthe method by determining a temporary smoothness factor depending onpark or neutral selection and setting it to a value corresponding tomaximum smoothness if the vehicle is in a park mode or a neutral mode;measuring accelerator position and determining a temporary smoothnessfactor as a function of accelerator position; measuring engine coolanttemperature and determining a temporary smoothness factor as a functionof engine coolant temperature; determining a temporary smoothness factoras a function of a battery discharge power limit; selecting thedetermined temporary smoothness factor with a value corresponding toleast smoothness when the engine is in a start-up mode; and adjustingengine start smoothness using at least one engine operating variableselected from multiple engine operating variables, selection of the atleast one engine operating variable being determined by a calibratedrelationship of the selected temporary smoothness factor and eachselected engine operating variable.
 9. The method set forth in claim 8,wherein the selected engine operating variables include engine speedcommand profile, engine throttle setting, fuel injection timing, enginespark timing and engine valve timing.
 10. A method for determining anengine smoothness factor in an engine start event for anaccelerator-controlled engine in a vehicle having a hybrid powertrainthat includes an electric motor and transmission torque deliveryelements that define, in part, integrated power flow paths to vehicletraction wheels whereby the engine may be turned off during powerdelivery from the motor, the method comprising the steps of: determiningwhether the vehicle is in a park mode or a neutral mode and initializingthe method by determining a temporary smoothness factor depending onpark or neutral selection and setting it to a value corresponding tomaximum smoothness if the vehicle is in a park mode or a neutral mode;measuring accelerator position and determining a temporary smoothnessfactor as a function of accelerator position; measuring battery voltageand determining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of batteryvoltage; measuring engine coolant temperature and determining atemporary smoothness factor as a function of engine coolant temperature;and selecting the determined temporary smoothness factor with a valuecorresponding to least smoothness when the engine is in a start-up mode.11. A method for determining an engine smoothness factor in an enginestart event for an accelerator-controlled engine in a vehicle having ahybrid powertrain that includes an electric motor and transmissiontorque delivery elements that define, in part, integrated power flowpaths to vehicle traction wheels whereby the engine may be turned offduring power delivery from the motor, the method comprising the stepsof: determining whether the vehicle is in a park mode or a neutral modeand initializing the method by determining a temporary smoothness factordepending on park or neutral selection and setting it to a valuecorresponding to maximum smoothness if the vehicle is in a park mode ora neutral mode; measuring accelerator position and determining atemporary smoothness factor as a function of accelerator position;measuring battery voltage and determining a temporary smoothness factoras a function of battery voltage; measuring engine coolant temperatureand determining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of enginecoolant temperature; selecting the determined temporary smoothnessfactor with a value corresponding to least smoothness when the engine isin a start-up mode; and adjusting engine start smoothness using at leastone engine operating variable selected from multiple engine operatingvariables, selection of the at least one engine operating variable beingdetermined by a calibrated relationship of the selected temporarysmoothness factor and each selected engine operating variable.
 12. Themethod set forth in claim 11, wherein the multiple engine operatingvariables include engine speed command profile, engine throttle setting,fuel injection timing, engine spark timing and engine valve timing. 13.A method for determining an engine smoothness factor in an engine startevent for an accelerator-controlled engine in a vehicle having a hybridpowertrain that includes an electric motor, a battery, a generator andtransmission torque delivery elements that define, in part, integratedpower flow paths to vehicle traction wheels whereby the engine may beturned off during power delivery from the motor, the method comprisingthe steps of: determining whether the vehicle is in a park mode or aneutral mode and initializing the method by determining a temporarysmoothness factor depending on park or neutral selection and setting itto a value corresponding to maximum smoothness if the vehicle is in apark mode or a neutral mode; measuring accelerator position anddetermining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of acceleratorposition; measuring battery voltage and determining a smoothness factoras a function of battery voltage; determining battery discharge powerlimit and determining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of thebattery discharge power limit; and selecting the determined temporarysmoothness factor with a value corresponding to least smoothness andwhen the engine is in a start-up mode.
 14. A-method for determining anengine smoothness factor in an engine start event for anaccelerator-controlled engine in a vehicle having a hybrid powertrainthat includes an electric motor and transmission torque deliveryelements that define, in part, integrated power flow paths to vehicletraction wheels whereby the engine may be turned off during powerdelivery from the motor, the method comprising the steps of: determiningwhether the vehicle is in a park mode or a neutral mode and initializingthe method by determining a temporary smoothness factor depending onpark or neutral selection and setting it to a value corresponding tomaximum smoothness if the vehicle is in a park mode or a neutral mode;measuring accelerator position and determining a temporary smoothnessfactor as a function of accelerator position; measuring battery voltageand determining a smoothness factor as a function of battery voltage;determining battery discharge power limit and determining a temporarysmoothness factor as a function of the battery discharge power limit;selecting the determined temporary smoothness factor with a valuecorresponding to least smoothness when the engine is in a start-up mode;and adjusting engine start smoothness using at least one engineoperating variable selected from multiple engine operating variables,selection of the at least one engine operating variable being determinedby a calibrated relationship of the selected temporary smoothness factorand each selected engine operating variable.
 15. A method fordetermining an engine smoothness factor in an engine start event for anaccelerator-controlled engine in a vehicle having a hybrid powertrainthat includes an electric motor, a battery, a generator and transmissiontorque delivery elements that define, in part, integrated power flowpaths to vehicle traction wheels whereby the engine may be turned offduring power delivery from the motor, the method comprising the stepsof: measuring accelerator position and determining a temporarysmoothness factor as a function of accelerator position; measuringbattery voltage and determining a temporary smoothness factor as afunction of battery voltage; measuring engine coolant temperature anddetermining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of enginecoolant temperature; measuring battery discharge power limit anddetermining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of the batterydischarge power limit; and selecting the determined temporary smoothnessfactor with a value corresponding to least smoothness when the engine isin a start-up mode.
 16. A method for determining an engine smoothnessfactor in an engine start event for an accelerator-controlled engine ina vehicle having a hybrid powertrain that includes an electric motor andtransmission torque delivery elements that define, in part, integratedpower flow paths to vehicle traction wheels whereby the engine may beturned off during power delivery from the motor, the method comprisingthe steps of: measuring accelerator position and determining a temporarysmoothness factor as a function of accelerator position; measuringbattery voltage and determining a temporary smoothness factor as afunction of battery voltage; measuring engine coolant temperature anddetermining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of enginecoolant temperature; measuring battery discharge power limit anddetermining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of the batterydischarge power limit; selecting the determined temporary smoothnessfactor with a value corresponding to least smoothness when the engine isin a start-up mode; and adjusting engine start smoothness using at leastone engine operating variable selected from multiple engine operatingvariables, selection of the at least one engine operating variable beingdetermined by a calibrated relationship of the selected temporarysmoothness factor and each selected engine operating variable.
 17. Themethod set forth in claim 16, wherein the multiple engine operatingvariables include engine speed command profile, engine throttle setting,fuel injection timing, engine spark timing and engine valve timing. 18.A method for determining an engine smoothness factor in an engine startevent for an accelerator-controlled engine in a vehicle having a hybridpowertrain that includes an electric motor and transmission torquedelivery elements that define, in part, integrated power flow paths tovehicle traction wheels whereby the engine may be turned off duringpower delivery from the motor torque and speed relationship, the methodcomprising the steps of: measuring accelerator position and determininga temporary smoothness factor as a function of accelerator position;measuring battery voltage and determining a temporary smoothness factoras a function of battery voltage; determining a temporary smoothnessfactor as a function of the battery discharge power limit; and selectingthe determined temporary smoothness factor with a value corresponding toleast smoothness when the engine is in a start-up mode.
 19. A method fordetermining an engine smoothness factor in an engine start event for anaccelerator-controlled engine in a vehicle having a hybrid powertrainthat includes an electric motor and transmission torque deliveryelements that define, in part, integrated power flow paths to vehicletraction wheels whereby the engine may be turned off during powerdelivery from the motor, the method comprising the steps of: measuringaccelerator position and determining a temporary smoothness factor as afunction of accelerator position; measuring battery voltage anddetermining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of batteryvoltage; determining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of abattery discharge power limit; selecting the determined temporarysmoothness factor with a value corresponding to least smoothness whenthe engine is in a start-up mode; and adjusting engine start smoothnessusing at least one engine operating variable selected from multipleengine operating variables, selection of the at least one engineoperating variable being determined by a calibrated relationship of theselected temporary smoothness factor and each selected engine operatingvariable.
 20. The method set forth in claim 19, wherein the multipleengine operating variables include engine speed command profile, enginethrottle setting, fuel injection timing, engine spark timing, and enginevalve timing.
 21. A method for determining an engine smoothness factorin an engine start event for an accelerator-controlled engine in avehicle having a hybrid powertrain that includes an electric motor andtransmission torque delivery elements that define, in part, integratedpower flow paths to vehicle traction wheels whereby the engine may beturned off during power delivery from the motor, the method comprisingthe steps of: measuring accelerator position and determining a temporarysmoothness factor as a function of accelerator position; measuringengine coolant temperature and determining a temporary smoothness factoras a function of engine coolant temperature; determining a temporarysmoothness factor as a function of a battery discharge power limit; andselecting the determined temporary smoothness factor with a valuecorresponding to least smoothness when the engine is in a start-up mode.22. A method for determining an engine smoothness factor in an enginestart event for an accelerator-controlled engine in a vehicle having ahybrid powertrain that includes an electric motor and transmissiontorque delivery elements that define, in part, integrated power flowpaths to vehicle traction wheels whereby the engine may be turned offduring power delivery from the motor, the method comprising the stepsof: measuring accelerator position and determining a temporarysmoothness factor as a function of accelerator position; measuringengine coolant temperature and determining a temporary smoothness factoras a function of engine coolant temperature; determining a temporarysmoothness factor as a function of a battery discharge power limit;selecting the determined temporary smoothness factor with a valuecorresponding to least smoothness when the engine is in a start-up mode;and adjusting engine start smoothness using at least one engineoperating variable selected from multiple engine operating variables,selection of the at least one engine operating variable being determinedby a calibrated relationship of the selected temporary smoothness factorand each selected engine operating variable.
 23. The method set forth inclaim 22, wherein the selected engine operating variables include enginespeed command profile, engine throttle setting, fuel injection timing,engine spark timing and engine valve timing.
 24. A method fordetermining an engine smoothness factor in an engine start event for anaccelerator-controlled engine in a vehicle having a hybrid powertrainthat includes an electric motor and transmission torque deliveryelements that define, in part, integrated power flow paths to vehicletraction wheels whereby the engine may be turned off during powerdelivery from the motor, the method comprising the steps of: measuringaccelerator position and determining a temporary smoothness factor as afunction of accelerator position; measuring battery voltage anddetermining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of batteryvoltage; measuring engine coolant temperature and determining atemporary smoothness factor as a function of engine coolant temperature;and selecting the determined temporary smoothness factor with a valuecorresponding to least smoothness when the engine is in a start-up mode.25. A method for determining an engine smoothness factor in an enginestart event for an accelerator-controlled engine in a vehicle having ahybrid powertrain that includes an electric motor and transmissiontorque delivery elements that define, in part, integrated power flowpaths to vehicle traction wheels whereby the engine may be turned offduring power delivery from the motor, the method comprising the stepsof: measuring accelerator position and determining a temporarysmoothness factor as a function of accelerator position; measuringbattery voltage and determining a temporary smoothness factor as afunction of battery voltage; measuring engine coolant temperature anddetermining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of enginecoolant temperature; selecting the determined temporary smoothnessfactor with a value corresponding to least smoothness when the engine isin a start-up mode; and adjusting engine start smoothness using at leastone engine operating variable selected from multiple engine operatingvariables, selection of the at least one engine operating variable beingdetermined by a calibrated relationship of the selected temporarysmoothness factor and each selected engine operating variable.
 26. Themethod set forth in claim 25, wherein the multiple engine operatingvariables include engine speed command profile, engine throttle setting,fuel injection timing, engine spark timing and engine valve timing. 27.A method for determining an engine smoothness factor in an engine startevent for an accelerator-controlled engine in a vehicle having a hybridpowertrain that includes an electric motor, a battery, a generator andtransmission torque delivery elements that define, in part, integratedpower flow paths to vehicle traction wheels whereby the engine may beturned off during power delivery from the motor, the method comprisingthe steps of: measuring accelerator position and determining a temporarysmoothness factor as a function of accelerator position; measuringbattery voltage and determining a smoothness factor as a function ofbattery voltage; determining battery discharge power limit anddetermining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of the batterydischarge power limit; and selecting the determined temporary smoothnessfactor with a value corresponding to least smoothness and when theengine is in a start-up mode.
 28. A method for determining an enginesmoothness factor in an engine start event for an accelerator-controlledengine in a vehicle having a hybrid powertrain that includes an electricmotor and transmission torque delivery elements that define, in part,integrated power flow paths to vehicle traction wheels whereby theengine may be turned off during power delivery from the motor, themethod comprising the steps of: measuring accelerator position anddetermining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of acceleratorposition; measuring battery voltage and determining a smoothness factoras a function of battery voltage; determining battery discharge powerlimit and determining a temporary smoothness factor as a function of thebattery discharge power limit; selecting the determined temporarysmoothness factor with a value corresponding to least smoothness whenthe engine is in a start-up mode; and adjusting engine start smoothnessusing at least one engine operating variable selected from multipleengine operating variables, selection of the at least one engineoperating variable being determined by a calibrated relationship of theselected temporary smoothness factor and each selected engine operatingvariable.
 29. A method for controlling smoothness of an engine startevent for a hybrid electric vehicle powertrain having an engine and anelectric motor for delivering driving power to vehicle traction wheels,the smoothness of the engine start being related to a smoothness factor,the method comprising the steps of: determining vehicle operatingconditions; determining a smoothness factor corresponding to eachvehicle operating condition whereby smoothness of an engine start isindicated by the smoothness factor; and effecting desired smoothness ofan engine start event for at least one given vehicle operating conditionby using a calibrated relationship of smoothness factor and the givenvehicle operating condition.
 30. The method set forth in claim 29,wherein the smoothness factor used in effecting the desired smoothnessof an engine start event is the smoothness factor corresponding to theleast smoothness of the engine start event.